World’s smallest autonomous robots are 'smaller than a grain of salt,' cost one penny apiece — researchers expect new micron-scale fully-programmable robots to be used in medicine, microscale manufacturing, and other areas

Researchers from the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Michigan have developed fully programmable, autonomous robots that are smaller than a grain of salt and cost only a penny each to manufacture. These nanoscale robots are expected to be used in medicine, microscale manufacturing, and other areas. The robots are designed to move using ion propulsion, generating an electric field to swim without the need for moving parts. They are powered by solar cells and communicate using light pulses and a unique waggle dance. Despite their tiny size, these robots are highly efficient and durable, with an autonomous operational life measured in months.